Latest Developments

Kenya's marine tourism sector, a critical component of the nation's 'blue economy,' is poised for significant growth but faces hurdles in fully realizing its potential. Analysts indicate that while the sector could inject billions of shillings into the economy and create thousands of jobs, current policy execution and infrastructure development require urgent clarity and investment.

Recently, the Kenya Wildlife Service (KWS) announced new conservation fees for national parks, reserves, and sanctuaries, effective October 1, 2025. This includes marine parks, where entry fees for non-resident adults will increase from US$17 to US$25. However, this move has been met with legal challenges, with the High Court temporarily halting the implementation following a petition by the Kenya Tourist Federation (KTF), citing concerns about short notice and potential negative impacts on bookings and Kenya's tourism brand.

In a bid to boost coastal tourism, Malindi is set to host the Essence of Africa forum from October 7 to 9, 2025. This event aims to connect 150 international travel buyers with African tourism businesses, showcasing Kenya's coastal and marine offerings beyond traditional safaris.

Context: The Blue Economy Promise

Kenya's coastline, stretching approximately 1,420 kilometers along the Indian Ocean, is rich in marine biodiversity, including coral reefs, diverse fish species, and marine mammals like dolphins and humpback whales. This natural endowment positions marine tourism as a key pillar of the country's Vision 2030 and the broader Blue Economy strategy.

The Blue Economy, which prioritizes the sustainable use of ocean resources for economic growth, livelihoods, and ecosystem health, is estimated to have the potential to contribute up to US$4.8 billion to Kenya's economy and create over 52,000 jobs within the next decade. Currently, marine sectors contribute approximately 2.5% of Kenya's GDP, about KSh 346 billion (US$2.7 billion).

Marine tourism encompasses a range of activities, including cruising, sailing, water sports like scuba diving and snorkeling, marine wildlife viewing, and cultural heritage tourism at sites like Fort Jesus and Lamu's UNESCO World Heritage sites.

Law and Policy Framework

Kenya has committed to expanding the Blue Economy's contribution to wealth creation and employment, guided by the Constitution of Kenya and the Fourth Medium Term Plan of Vision 2030. A National Blue Economy Strategy is undergoing final validation before government approval, aiming to provide a comprehensive framework for sustainable development across nine thematic areas, including tourism.

The government is also advancing Marine Spatial Planning (MSP), a crucial tool for balancing conservation with economic growth in marine and coastal resources. This initiative aims to drive sustainable ocean management, create wealth, and ensure the long-term health of Kenya's marine resources, with a target to complete the planning phase and begin implementation by December 2026.

Stakeholder Perspectives

Stakeholders, including government ministries, private sector, and civil society, have been involved in the development of the Blue Economy Strategy. The private sector, represented by the Kenya Private Sector Alliance (KEPSA), has welcomed the strategy, recognizing its potential to enhance investment opportunities. However, concerns persist regarding the clarity of timelines, costs, and safeguards for marine tourism development.

The recent increase in park fees by KWS, though intended to strengthen financial sustainability for conservation, has raised concerns among tourism operators about its impact on competitiveness. The Kenya Tourist Federation (KTF) has highlighted the risk of losing out to competitors if such changes are implemented without adequate notice and consultation.

Evidence and Data

• Marine sectors currently contribute approximately 2.5% of Kenya's GDP, equivalent to about KSh 346 billion (US$2.7 billion).
• Tourism accounts for 70% of maritime jobs.
• Coral bleaching at Watamu Marine National Park has increased from 12% to 38% since 2020, threatening KSh 525 billion (US$4.1 billion) in annual earnings.
• Over 87% of fishing operations are unlicensed, with illegal trawlers poaching an estimated KSh 12.8 billion (US$100 million) annually.
• International tourist arrivals in Kenya were 2.4 million last year, with a target of 5.5 million by 2027.
• The coastal region generates over KSh 100 billion annually and sustains hundreds of thousands of jobs in hospitality, transport, and cultural services.
• Entry fees for marine parks like Kisite Mpunguti, Watamu, Mombasa, Malindi, Kiunga, and Diani Chale for non-resident adults increased from US$17 to US$25, effective October 1, 2025, before the High Court temporarily halted the implementation.
• A specialized marine pass costs KSh 10,500.

Risks and Implications

Despite the significant potential, Kenya's marine tourism faces several risks. Environmental degradation, including pollution, coral reef degradation, and plastic waste, poses a major threat to the delicate marine ecosystems that attract tourists. Unsustainable tourism practices, overfishing, and unregulated coastal development exacerbate these issues.

The lack of clear regulations for activities like dolphin tourism, with only a voluntary code of conduct in place, raises concerns about animal welfare and responsible tourism practices. Additionally, challenges such as transportation and accessibility, safety and security concerns, and unpredictable weather patterns can deter visitors.

The recent increase in park fees and the subsequent legal challenge highlight the delicate balance between conservation funding and maintaining competitive pricing for tourists.

Unknowns

The long-term impact of the temporarily halted KWS fee increases on marine park visitation and revenue remains uncertain. The specific timelines for the full implementation of the National Blue Economy Strategy and the Marine Spatial Plan, including detailed costs and safeguards, are also yet to be fully clarified.

Timeline

• 2018: Kenya hosts the Sustainable Blue Economy Conference in Nairobi.
• 2025 (October 1): New KWS conservation fees, including for marine parks, were scheduled to take effect but were temporarily halted by the High Court.
• 2025 (October 7-9): Malindi to host the Essence of Africa forum to promote coastal and marine tourism.
• 2026 (December): Kenya aims to complete the planning phase and begin implementation of Marine Spatial Planning.
• 2027: Kenya targets increasing national tourist arrivals to 5.5 million.
• 2030: Kenya aims to achieve 100% transparency and compliance in all industrial fishing vessels through Electronic Monitoring (EM) systems.
• 2030: Global target to protect 30% of ocean space, which Kenya aims to align with through MSP.

What to Watch

Observers will be closely watching the outcome of the legal challenge against the KWS park fee increases and any subsequent adjustments to the fee structure. The finalization and implementation of the National Blue Economy Strategy and the Marine Spatial Plan will be crucial in providing a clear roadmap for sustainable marine tourism development. The success of initiatives like the Essence of Africa forum in attracting international buyers and promoting Kenya's coastal offerings will also be a key indicator of the sector's trajectory.

Related

• Kenya's commitment to the Blue Economy and sustainable ocean management.
• Efforts to combat illegal fishing and enhance transparency in the fisheries sector.
• The role of community-based tourism and local involvement in marine conservation.
• The impact of climate change and pollution on Kenya's coral reefs and marine ecosystems.