Cities offer opportunity, but they also expose residents to unique health pressures. Noise, pollution, crowding, and chronic stress accumulate over time, shaping disease risk in ways that are often invisible day to day.

Urban health is defined by constant low-grade stressors rather than acute threats.

Urban factors affecting health

• Air pollution and respiratory disease
• Noise exposure and sleep disruption
• Sedentary routines
• Social isolation despite density

Who is most affected

Children, older adults, and people with chronic disease experience the greatest impact.

Bottom line: City life reshapes health slowly. Awareness allows protective choices.