Adolescence is a period of heightened vulnerability to substance harm. The developing brain responds differently to alcohol, nicotine, and drugs, increasing the risk of addiction, mental illness, and long-term cognitive effects.

Public-health research shows that earlier exposure increases the likelihood of dependence later in life. What begins as experimentation can quickly become a pattern with lasting consequences.

Why the adolescent brain is more vulnerable

Brain regions involved in impulse control and decision-making mature later than reward pathways. Substances exploit this imbalance, reinforcing risk-taking behaviour.

Substances of concern

• Alcohol: impairs judgement, increases injury risk.
• Nicotine and vaping: highly addictive, alters brain development.
• Illicit drugs: linked to mental health crises and academic decline.

Warning signs of problematic use

• Sudden mood or behaviour changes
• Declining school performance
• Secretive behaviour
• Physical symptoms such as sleep disruption or appetite changes

Prevention that works

Open communication, consistent boundaries, and early intervention reduce harm more effectively than punishment or denial.

Bottom line: Adolescent substance use is a health issue, not a moral failing. Early action protects brain development and future wellbeing.