Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is one of the most common yet misunderstood hormonal conditions. It is not a single symptom; it is a spectrum that can affect menstrual regularity, ovulation, skin, hair growth, metabolism, and long-term cardiovascular risk.

PCOS is diagnosed based on a combination of features: irregular or absent ovulation, signs of excess androgens (such as acne or excess hair growth), and polycystic-appearing ovaries on ultrasound. Not everyone has all features, which is why diagnosis is often delayed.

The hormonal imbalance at the core

Many people with PCOS have insulin resistance, meaning the body needs higher insulin levels to control blood sugar. Elevated insulin can stimulate the ovaries to produce more androgens, disrupting ovulation and menstrual cycles.

Symptoms that commonly appear

• Irregular or absent periods
• Difficulty conceiving due to irregular ovulation
• Acne and oily skin
• Excess facial or body hair
• Weight gain or difficulty losing weight

Why PCOS is more than a fertility issue

PCOS increases the risk of type 2 diabetes, high blood pressure, abnormal cholesterol, and endometrial problems if periods are infrequent. Long-term care is about protecting overall health — not just pregnancy outcomes.

Management that works in real life

• Blood sugar stabilisation through nutrition and activity
• Weight management where appropriate (even modest loss can restore ovulation)
• Medications to regulate cycles or address insulin resistance when needed
• Targeted fertility support for those trying to conceive

Myths that delay care

PCOS is not caused by sexual activity, and it does not automatically mean infertility. Many people with PCOS conceive with appropriate care.

Bottom line: PCOS is manageable. Early diagnosis and long-term planning reduce complications and restore quality of life.