Nairobi County has initiated an enforcement operation and issued a stern warning regarding illegal fireworks displays in residential areas. This follows a surge of complaints received during the Diwali celebrations on Monday, October 20, 2025. Residents across several estates, including Parklands, Kilimani, Kileleshwa, South B, and South C, reported disturbances from loud explosions and vibrations late into the night.

Geoffrey Mosiria, the Nairobi Chief Officer for Environment, acknowledged the cultural significance of Diwali but stressed that celebrations must not compromise the well-being of others. He reiterated that fireworks in residential areas are both illegal and dangerous, prompting the county to dispatch enforcement officers to monitor neighbourhoods and shut down unauthorised displays.

Historical and Political Context

Diwali, known as the Festival of Lights, is a significant Hindu celebration symbolising the triumph of light over darkness. Nairobi, with its notable Hindu population, observes these festivities with lights, prayers, sweets, and fireworks.

However, the use of fireworks has consistently raised concerns regarding noise pollution and safety. In anticipation of the 2025 Diwali and Hindu New Year festivities, which ran from Friday, October 17, to Monday, October 20, 2025, the government had already tightened regulations. The Ministry of Mining, Blue Economy, and Maritime Affairs, through Cabinet Secretary Ali Hassan Joho, mandated that all individuals and institutions obtain a license before displaying fireworks.

Laws, Policy, and Governance

The use of fireworks in Kenya is governed by the Explosives Act (Cap 115) and other public safety and environmental regulations. This Act stipulates that only specific venues such as clubs, hotels, places of worship, school compounds, and sports grounds are permitted to host fireworks displays, and only with the acquisition of a valid permit.

Mosiria emphasised that no license permits the use of fireworks in backyards, balconies, or streets within residential areas, deeming such actions illegal and a public nuisance. The Ministry of Mining's directives further specified that displays should occur between 7:00 PM and 11:00 PM on authorised dates. Additionally, display shells in urban areas are restricted to a maximum of four inches in calibre, unless an exemption is granted by an Inspector of Explosives.

Stakeholders and Testimonies

The primary stakeholders include Nairobi residents, the Hindu community, the Nairobi County Government, and the Ministry of Mining, Blue Economy, and Maritime Affairs. Residents from areas like Parklands and Kilimani have consistently voiced concerns over noise pollution and safety risks posed by unauthorised fireworks.

Chief Officer Mosiria has been actively involved in environmental enforcement, having previously addressed issues such as improper waste disposal in Eastleigh and illegal medical waste disposal by hospitals in Huruma. His consistent efforts underscore the county's commitment to maintaining public order and environmental standards.

Evidence and Data

Risks and Implications

The uncontrolled use of fireworks poses significant risks, including injuries, property damage, fires, and severe noise pollution. These activities disrupt public peace, particularly for vulnerable groups such as the elderly, young children, and pets. Legal consequences for illegal fireworks use can include substantial fines, confiscation of materials, and even imprisonment for endangering lives.

Unknowns and Controversies

While the regulations are clear, enforcement remains a challenge, particularly in densely populated urban areas. The Hindu Council of Kenya had, in fact, called for toned-down Diwali celebrations this year as a mark of respect for the late former Prime Minister Raila Odinga, advising members to desist from using fireworks. However, the extent to which this call was heeded by all celebrants is unclear, given the numerous complaints received by the county.

Timeline and Next Steps

The complaints regarding Diwali fireworks were reported on Monday, October 20, 2025. Following this, Nairobi County's Chief Officer for Environment, Geoffrey Mosiria, issued the warning and initiated enforcement operations on Tuesday, October 21, 2025.

What to Watch

Moving forward, attention will be on the effectiveness of Nairobi County's enforcement operations and whether the stern warnings translate into reduced illegal fireworks displays during future festive seasons. The county's sustained efforts in public sensitisation and collaboration with community leaders will be crucial in ensuring compliance with the Explosives Act and maintaining public safety and peace.