Global Titans, Competing Visions

A new global contest for influence is intensifying, not over territory, but over the rules that will govern artificial intelligence. The world's two largest economies, the United States and China, are championing competing visions for the future of AI, a rivalry that presents both significant challenges and strategic opportunities for nations like Kenya. This high-stakes diplomatic and technological race is compelling countries to navigate a complex landscape of competing standards, investment models, and governance philosophies.

China has been actively promoting a state-centric, multilateral approach to AI governance. In October 2023, President Xi Jinping announced the Global AI Governance Initiative, which advocates for a UN-led framework emphasizing equal development rights for all nations, particularly those in the Global South. [8, 18, 21] This was followed by a detailed Action Plan in July 2025, which proposes international consensus on standards and the creation of a new global AI cooperation organization. [3, 4, 28] Beijing’s approach stresses shared progress and bridging the digital divide, a message tailored to resonate with developing economies. [4, 10, 21]

In contrast, the United States is advancing a model rooted in private-sector innovation and democratic values. The White House's AI Action Plan and various executive orders prioritize creating an environment that fosters rapid technological advancement while establishing safeguards against risks. [12, 24, 36] Washington's strategy focuses on leading through international diplomacy with like-minded allies to set global norms that ensure AI is used in a safe, secure, and trustworthy manner, consistent with human rights and democratic principles. [22, 31, 36] This approach is underscored by significant investment in AI research and development and building resilient technology supply chains with partners. [26, 30]

Kenya's Strategic Path Forward

Caught between these two competing global powers, Kenya is not remaining a passive observer. On Thursday, March 27, 2025 (EAT), the Ministry of Information, Communications, and the Digital Economy launched the Kenya National Artificial Intelligence Strategy 2025–2030. [5, 9, 16] The comprehensive plan aims to position Kenya as a premier AI hub in Africa, focusing on transforming key sectors like agriculture, healthcare, and financial services through local innovation. [6] Central to the strategy are the principles of ethical and responsible AI development, capacity building for a skilled local workforce, and a strong emphasis on data sovereignty—ensuring Kenya maintains control over its own digital resources. [5, 6]

This national strategy aligns with the broader vision of the African Union, which in July 2024 endorsed a Continental AI Strategy. [25, 40] The AU's framework calls for a unified, Africa-centric approach to harness AI for development while promoting ethical use and minimizing risks, urging member states to develop their own national policies. [23, 27, 40]

A Dual-Pronged Engagement

In a clear demonstration of its strategic autonomy, Kenya is actively engaging both the U.S. and China. In April 2024, U.S. Secretary of Commerce Gina Raimondo visited Nairobi to announce a landmark joint digital partnership with Kenya, the first of its kind between the U.S. and an African nation. [7, 19] The agreement focuses on enhancing cooperation in AI safety, improving data flows, and promoting digital skills. [7, 29] A follow-up joint statement in May 2024 announced plans for a Strategic Dialogue on AI to deepen collaboration on the development of safe and trustworthy AI systems. [41]

Simultaneously, Kenya continues to nurture its technological partnerships with China. Chinese tech giant Huawei, for instance, is a significant partner in developing Kenya's digital infrastructure and has collaborated with state agencies like the National Youth Council to provide training in AI and coding. [33, 39] These partnerships are viewed by Kenyan officials as crucial for technology transfer and fostering local innovation. [14, 33] This dual engagement allows Kenya to leverage investment and expertise from both sides of the global tech divide, avoiding over-reliance on a single partner. [13, 15]

Implications for East Africa and Beyond

Kenya's proactive and balanced approach serves as a potential model for other developing nations navigating the pressures of the U.S.-China AI competition. By establishing a clear national strategy and engaging with multiple global partners, Kenya aims to harness the transformative power of AI for its socio-economic development while safeguarding its digital sovereignty. [13, 15] The success of this strategy could have significant implications for the East Africa region, potentially cementing Kenya's role as a leader in the continent's digital transformation.

However, the path is not without challenges. The global AI governance landscape remains fragmented, and the risk of being caught in a 'digital colonization'—where dependence on foreign technology shapes a nation's economic and political trajectory—is real. [15, 35] As the world's technological superpowers continue to vie for dominance, Kenya's ability to maintain its strategic balance and implement its ambitious national vision will be critical in determining its future in the rapidly evolving global digital economy. [44, 45]