Global Study Dispels Widely Publicised Fears

A comprehensive scientific review has concluded there is no convincing evidence to support a causal link between the use of paracetamol during pregnancy and the diagnosis of Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) or Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) in children. The umbrella review, published in the British Medical Journal on Monday, 10 November 2025, analysed existing systematic reviews on the topic and found their quality to be "low to critically low." Researchers at the University of Liverpool, who led the study, suggest that any previously observed associations are likely explained by other factors, such as family genetics and underlying maternal health conditions, rather than the medication itself.

The publication was expedited to provide clarity to expectant mothers and healthcare providers following recent high-profile statements from the United States that urged pregnant women to avoid the painkiller, also known as acetaminophen or Tylenol, due to unsubstantiated claims of a link to rising autism rates. Professor Shakila Thangaratinam, a senior author of the review, stated that the existing evidence does not support the purported link and emphasized that untreated high fever during pregnancy can be dangerous for the unborn baby. Paracetamol, sold in Kenya under brand names like Panadol, Cetamol, and Calpol, remains the most recommended painkiller for pregnant women, as alternatives like ibuprofen are not advised.

Kenyan Health Authorities Affirm Paracetamol's Safety

The findings of the global review align with the official stance of Kenya's Ministry of Health. In a statement released on 2 October 2025, the Pharmacy and Poisons Board (PPB) reassured the Kenyan public that paracetamol is safe for use by pregnant women when taken as directed by a qualified healthcare professional. Dr. Ahmed I. Mohamed, the acting CEO of the PPB, confirmed that while the board is aware of some studies suggesting a possible link, there is "no conclusive scientific evidence confirming these associations."

Crucially, the PPB's Pharmacovigilance Division noted that it has not received any local reports in Kenya linking paracetamol use in pregnancy to ASD or ADHD. To ensure patient safety, the board issued clear guidelines for expectant mothers, urging them to:

• Use paracetamol only when medically necessary, at the correct dose, and for the shortest required duration.
• Strictly avoid self-medication and consult a qualified health professional before taking any medicine, including paracetamol.
• Seek professional counselling from healthcare providers on the appropriate use of all medicines during pregnancy.

This guidance underscores the importance of professional medical oversight in managing health during pregnancy and counters misinformation that could lead to potentially harmful decisions, such as leaving a high fever untreated.

The Kenyan Context: Autism and ADHD Awareness

The international debate and subsequent scientific clarification are highly relevant in Kenya, where awareness of neurodevelopmental disorders is growing, though significant challenges in diagnosis and support remain. While no official national census data on autism exists, the Autism Society of Kenya (ASK) estimates the prevalence could be as high as 4%, affecting approximately one in 25 children. Other research suggests more conservative figures, but all point to a significant number of Kenyan families affected.

Access to trained specialists like developmental pediatricians and child psychologists is limited, particularly outside of major urban centres, leading to late diagnoses or misdiagnoses. Stigma and misinformation about the causes of conditions like autism and ADHD persist in many communities. Therefore, clear, evidence-based information on medication safety during pregnancy is critical for Kenyan families to make informed health decisions in consultation with their doctors, free from unfounded fears. The global scientific consensus, supported by local regulatory bodies, confirms that paracetamol remains the safest option for pain and fever relief when required during pregnancy.